                          Tract No. 10
                                
                                
                       The Sign of Jonah
                                
                                
                           [PICTURE]
                                
                                
                                
    "Three days and three nights in the heart of the earth."
                                
                                
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                     Copyright 1940, 1942 
                        by V.T. Houteff 
                      All Rights Reserved
                                
                                
   In the interest of reaching every truth-seeking mind that desires to escape the path that leads to
destruction of both body and soul, as long as this issue lasts, this tract will be distibuted free of
charge.
                                
                                
                         TRACT NO. 10 
                                
                                
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     "The Sign of Jonah" AND QUESTION AND ANSWER DISCUSSION
                        MATT. 12:39, 40

   Though a number of times we have conclusively cleared the questions as to (1) whether Jesus, in
order to fulfill the "sign of Jonah," was "three days and three nights" in the grave, or (2) whether the
sign was fulfilled in some other way and (3) whether He was crucified on Friday, on Thursday, or on
Wednesday, there still seem to be some points which are not clear to all, first of which underlies the
question:

   Was Christ Crucified on the Day the Leaven Was Put Out of the Houses -- On the Fourteenth Day?

   Mark, who was an eyewitness of the event says, "And the first day of unleavened bread when they
killed the passover, His disciples said unto Him, Where wilt Thou that we go and prepare that Thou
mayest eat the passover?  And He sendeth forth two of His disciples, and saith unto them, Go ye into
the city, and there shall meet you a man bearing a pitcher of water: follow him.... And His disciples
went forth, and came into the city, and found

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as He had said unto them: and they made ready the passover.  And in the evening He cometh with
the twelve.  And as they sat and did eat, Jesus said, Verily I say unto you, One of you which eateth
with Me shall betray Me." Mark 14:12, 13, 16-18.

   Since the Passover lamb was killed in the evening of the fourteenth day of the first month (Ex.
12:6), and was eaten at the commencement of the fifteenth day (Num. 28:17), and since the gospel
writers declare that Jesus ate the Passover at the very hour the whole Jewish nation ate it, the fact is
solidly established that the time of the crucifixion of Christ did not coincide with the time of the killing
of the lamb on the fourteenth day for the first of the Passover feasts.  It did coincide, however, with
the killing of the lamb for the second of the feasts, as will be seen from the  following paragraphs.

   Even astronomical records agree that the fourteenth-day sacrifice of the Passover supper that year
came on Wednesday, and the Bible emphatically states that the feast of the Passover was to be
observed on the fifteenth day (Num. 28:17), Thursday that year. Jesus, therefore, could not have been
crucified on either of these two days.  This is borne out by the fact that, as stated before He observed
the first of the feasts with the disciples.  Moreover, Matthew 26:5 plainly states that the assembly of
the priests and the scribes with Caiaphas in

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the judgment seat, decided not to kill Him "on the feast day" -- Thursday, the fifteenth.  Hence the
question: Why does the Bible say He was crucified on

The Preparation Day?

   Mark's statement, "The preparation, that is the day before the Sabbath" (Mark 15:42), explains that
this preparation day was Friday, "the day before the Sabbath."  And as this same Sabbath,  John calls
"an high day" (John 19:31), it could only have been the seventh-day Sabbath in the Passover week,
a sabbath within a Sabbath for the Passover week was a seven-day occasion (Num. 28:17), and
therefore in each week of Passover there was a seventh-day Sabbath, and hence two holy days in one
day -- an high day.

   Although in the Scriptures a group of feast days are sometimes called sabbath days, or sabbaths the
Passover in itself is never called the Sabbath.  This is especially true throughout the New Testament. 
And for any of the apostles to call the Passover day, the Sabbath day, is for them not only to ignore
reason, but also to confuse the Passover with the "seventh-day Sabbath," the only day ever called "the
Sabbath."

   Thus from this angle also it is made clear that the "preparation" day, the day they crucified Jesus,
was Friday -- the preparation for the Sabbath in the Passover

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week; that the Passover lamb, which was killed on Wednesday (the fourteenth day), did not coincide 
with the crucifixion; and that Jesus ate the Passover on Thursday (the fifteenth day), was arrested the
same day before daybreak, crucified on Friday (the sixteenth), buried before the Sabbath,  and
resurrected on Sunday (the eighteenth).  These Biblical facts, which are supported also by tradition,
give rise to the question:

Was Not Jesus Three Days and Three Nights in the Tomb?

   Let it not be forgotten that He was buried on the day called the "preparation day," Friday, and that
the chief priests and the Pharisees went to Pilate on the "day that followed the day of the preparation" 
(Matt. 27:62), on Sabbath, requesting him to set a watch over the tomb.  It was therefore the second
night after His burial that the tomb was guarded.  And the fact that this was the night that Jesus arose
(Matt. 28:1-5), proves that He was in the tomb only the two nights -- Friday night and Saturday night. 
Consequently the statement, "three days and three nights in the heart of the earth," must stand for
something more than simply His being in the grave, as interpreted by some.

   Then in Matthew 28:1, the words, "as it began to dawn toward the first day of the week," are not
spoken with intention to tell the time when Jesus arose, but to show the

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time when the women arrived at the tomb, and therefore cannot be taken to mean, as some think, the
evening at the end of the Sabbath.  For the women came to the sepulchre in the morning, as each
gospel writer attests:

Luke--    "Now upon the first day of the week,
               very early in the morning, they
               came unto the sepulchre." Luke 24:1.

Mark--    "And very early in the morning the
               first day of the week, they came
               unto the sepulchre at the rising of
               the sun." Mark 16:2.

John--    "The first day of the week cometh
               Mary Magdalene early, when it was
               yet dark, unto the sepulchre." John 20:1.

Matthew-- "In the end of the Sabbath, as it 
               began to dawn toward the first day of
               the week [not as it began to turn toward 
               the first night of the week] came Mary 
               Magdalene and the other Mary to see the 
               sepulchre." Matt. 28:1.

   The statement that Mary Magdalene and the other Mary came to see the sepulchre "as it began to
dawn toward the first day of the week" (Matt. 28:1), has been interpreted

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by some to mean that they came to the sepulchre on the Sabbath, before sunset, and then found that
the Lord had already risen.  But let it be remembered that on the day when they came, Mary met the
Lord Himself and talked with Him.  If, therefore, she was told on the Sabbath by the angels that Jesus
had risen from the dead, and she herself then saw the sepulchre empty, also talked with the Lord
(Matt. 28:1-9), why should she play the fool on Sunday morning by going to the sepulchre to see the
Lord's body as though she knew nothing about His resurrection, when instead she should have heeded
His instructions to give the news to the disciples, and to meet Him in Galilee (Matt. 28:1-7; John
20:1-17)?

   Mark 16:1, 2 and Luke 24:1-10, also John 20:1, bear threefold proof that in regard to the Lord's
resurrection, Mary Magdalene knew nothing before Sunday morning, when to her surprise the angel
said: "He is risen; He is not here: behold the place where they laid Him.  But go your way, tell His
disciples and Peter that He goeth before you into Galilee: there shall ye see Him." Mark 16:6, 7.

  Then, too, Mark says that "Jesus was risen early the first day of the week," and also that on "the first
day of the week [not on the Sabbath] He appeared first to Mary Magdalene." Mark ;6:9.

   Those, therefore, who interpret the

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words, "as it began to dawn toward the first day of the week," to mean that it was late Sabbath
afternoon, and that Jesus was then risen, are in serious error.

   Mark says, "when the Sabbath was past," whereas Matthew says, "in the end of the Sabbath."  In
another instance, the one says, "very early in the morning the first day of the week"; whereas the
other says, "as it began to dawn toward the first day of the week."  These comparative  phrases all
have the same significance.

   And furthermore, a comparison of Matthew 28:1 and John 20:1 shows that both scriptures refer
to one and the same event, though many try to refute the fact.  John says that the women came to the
sepulchre "the first day of the week...when it was yet dark."  This cannot mean in the end of the
Sabbath as the sun was about to set, for had that been the time, John would not have said, "when it
was yet dark," plainly indicating that the night had almost worn away, but not completely.  And
Matthew, speaking of this same time, says: "in the end of the Sabbath, as it began to dawn toward
the first day of the week."

   Thus in the light of all the gospels, the word "dawn" can be interpreted to mean only the breaking
of day -- the morning.  The English dictionary also supports this definition.

   Now, even a cursory analysis of these four synoptic  passages can result in but

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the one conclusion that all four observers are writing of the same event (the visit of Mary Magdalene
and the other Mary to the tomb), of the same place (Christ's sepulchre), and of the same time (early
in the morning, the first day of the week), only each stating the matter in his own words -- a threefold
conclusion which is further borne out by examining the subject from the angle of

The Hour of Each Event.

   Anciently, the timepiece was regulated at twelve, sunset.  Midnight and noon were at the sixth hour,
and morning at the twelfth hour.  From this original system of timekeeping, the record in connection
with the trial and with the crucifixion is made as follows:

   John's record of the trial states that Jesus was in Pilate's judgment hall at "about the sixth hour"
(John 19:14), whereas Mark's record of the crucifixion states that Jesus was hanging on the cross at 
"the sixth hour." Mark 15:33.  Obviously, these  two "sixth" hours cannot be the same, for at the first
sixth hour He was on trial in Pilate's judgment  hall, whereas at the next "sixth hour" (three hours 
after He was crucified, and while He was hanging on the cross) the sun became darkened: after three
more hours, -- from "the sixth hour" to "the ninth hour,"  when the sun again appeared (Mark 15:33),
-- Jesus died (Mark 15:37).

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   But there being still another private opinion on this point, we shall analyze a resultant question,

Was Not the Time Then Designated by "Watches"?

   To attempt to construe the hours on record as "watches" -- periods of four hours -- rather than as
actual hours of day and night, is to strain reason to a breaking point in the interest of the idea that all
in connection with the Passover, the trial, and the crucifixion took place in one day!

   As far as we know, all Bible students agree that Jesus was crucified during the day and was buried
before sunset.  And as only the hours of the night were ever reckoned by "watches," the "watch"
periods are foolishly dragged into the discussion.  So being wholly irrelevant in this connection, they
by all rights merit no consideration.  For the sake, however, of those who really want the truth, but
who are confused over the idea under discussion, we shall give it brief treatment.

   As the "watch" theory cannot be imposed upon the hours during the day, we have no choice but
to conclude that Jesus was crucified at the actual third hour (Mark 15:25); that three hours later the
sun was darkened at the actual sixth hour (Mark 15:33); and that after three more hours, Jesus died
and the sun again

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appeared at the actual ninth hour of the day (Mark 15:34-37), and not at a certain "watch" of the
night.

   And as there are not two sixth hours but only one sixth hour in a day, therefore the sixth hour at
the time of the trial in Pilate's judgment hall, and the sixth hour at the time of the darkening of the sun,
which came three hours after Jesus was nailed to the cross, are not four hours apart, but either twelve
or twenty-four hours apart!  Manifestly, therefore, even though one resort to the device of the
"watch" system, one cannot rationally conclude that the trial and the darkening of the sun, not to
mention the events connected with them, came the same day.  Necessarily they took longer.

   Then, too, as there are twelve hours or four "watches," between this particular trial and the
darkening of the sun, and as He was crucified at the third hour (nine hours after the trial, and three
hours before the time that the sun was  darkened), it is folly to try to crowd this actual twelve-hour
period into a four-hour "watch"; and still worse folly is it to try to do so if the trial were at Thursday
noon.

   The gospel writers do not mean "watches" when they say "hours," for Jesus did not teach them to
say, There are four watches in the day; but rather, There are twelve hours in the day (John 11:9).
Moreover, as aforestated, never the day,

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but only the night, was divided into watches.  And, furthermore, the clock dials were never marked
by watches, but by hours, and when they said "hours," they never meant "watches."  These evidences
wholly discredit the "watch" scheme of interpretation.

   Hold not to what fabricated ideas seem to make the Scriptures say, but grip tenaciously to what the
Word, in simplicity, plainly says.  Following this procedure, let us now review this study in the
ensuing

Summary.


The Hours of the Night


(Sunset) 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12     

The Hours of the Day


(Sunrise) 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12    

   By checking, on the diagram above, the hours mentioned by the gospel writers, the reader will see
that there is no possible way by which to make all these events occupy one day only.  To begin with,
check the first "sixth hour" --  the trial  (John 19:14); then check the "third hour" -- the  crucifixion,
(Mark 15:25); next, check the second "sixth hour" -- the darkening of the sun (Mark 15:33);  then,
the "ninth hour"

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-- the death (Mark 15:34-38); and last, the "twelfth hour" -- the burial (Mark 15:42, 46).

   From this it will be seen that all these events did not take place in one twelve-hour day, and that
necessarily, therefore, Christ was brought before Pilate either at midnight preceding Friday morning
or at noon Thursday.  To determine which, we need only consult John's record of the trial, which
disallows the midday time of Thursday, for it says: "It was the preparation of the passover." John
19:14.  And as this "preparation" day was Friday, we can only conclude that Jesus was brought before
Pilate at about midnight -- "the sixth hour" -- on what we call Thursday night,  but what, according
to Genesis, chapter 1, and  according to Jewish Sabbath-keeping, actually was Friday.

   Accordingly, Jesus was arrested early Thursday morning; tried before Annas while it was yet dark
(John 18:13); brought before Caiaphas in the assembly of the Sanhedrin (His legal trial) at daybreak
(Matt. 26:57; 27:1); next before Pilate,  Friday, before daybreak -- about the sixth hour (John 19:14);
then before Herod (Luke 23:7);  then back to Pilate (Luke 23:11); and finally  was crucified in the
morning of the same day, about the third hour (Mark 15:25) -- 9:00 A.M., modern time.

   This time-record shows that His capture,

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His trials, and His crucifixion were carefully and cunningly prearranged to take place at night and
early morning to prevent any uproar, for "they feared the people." Luke 20:19.

   That He remained in the tomb two nights and rose on Sunday; that the three days and three nights
is the time from His first legal trial to the time of His resurrection; that the heart of the earth has been
erroneously interpreted to mean the grave, when, instead, it is, as Jonah's experience shows,
symbolical of Christ's imprisonment in the hands of sinners and in the tomb (Matt. 20:19; 16:21;
17:22, 23; 27:63; Luke 9:22; 24:21; 18:33; 24:7; -- "Thus it is written, and  thus it behoved Christ
to suffer, and to rise from  the dead the third day." (Luke 24:46); that the sign of the "three days and
three nights" literally is fulfilled from Thursday morning, the time of His legal trial, to Sunday morning
when He arose; that the paschal lamb, which was about to be killed when Jesus was on the cross, was
not that which was killed on the first day of the Passover week, the fourteenth day of the month, but
that which was killed on the sixteenth day, the second day of the feasts; -- all these conclusions are
firmly founded on the solid facts established herein in simplicity; not, dear reader, on fables or on
translations unknown to you, or on so-called "original manuscripts," which you yourself cannot read,
and which are not accessible

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to you, and some of which do not even exist!

   Now to clear up other points in this connection we shall consider the question:

Is the Evening the Beginning or the Ending of the Day?

   Throughout the Bible, just as in books written in this age, the word "even" means the afternoon of
the same day.  Wednesday evening therefore means the ending of Wednesday and the beginning of
Thursday, not the ending of Tuesday and the beginning of Wednesday, although Wednesday night
coalesces with and becomes the night of Thursday.  This fact will be readily seen from the following
scriptures:

   Early in the morning, "Mary Magdalene came and told the disciples that she had seen the Lord"
(John 20:18); "then the same day at evening, being the first day of the week,...came Jesus and stood
in the midst." John 20:19.  Thus in Jesus's day, the term "evening" was used to designate the last part
of the day.

   Again: "And the first day of unleavened bread when they killed the passover, His disciples said unto
Him, Where wilt Thou that we go and prepare  that Thou mayest eat the passover?  And He sendeth
forth two of His disciples, and saith unto them, Go ye into the city, and there shall meet you a man
bearing a pitcher of water:

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follow him...and he will shew you a large upper room furnished and prepared: there make ready for
us...and in the evening He cometh with the twelve." Mark 14:12, 13, 15, 17.

   Here Mark says that in the fourteenth day, when they killed the Passover lamb, Jesus sent forth two
of His disciples, and that after they had prepared the place, and evening of that same day had come,
then came Jesus.  Thus in this scripture also, we see that the "evening" means, not the beginning, but
the ending, of the day.

   Again: "And it came to pass, that at even the quails came up." Ex. 16:13.  As quails do not fly at
night, they therefore had to come to the camp before sunset, the time which Moses calls "even" -- the
ending of the day, not the beginning of the night.

   These Bible facts show that the Lord's command concerning the Passover lamb, "Ye shall keep it
up until the fourteenth day...and...shall kill it in the evening" (Ex. 12:6), means that the lamb was to
be killed in the afternoon of the fourteenth day.  Consequently, to call Friday night "Sabbath evening,"
as some do, is unbiblical and unreliable, as is an

Opinion Based on Implication, a House Built on a Sandy Foundation.

   The statement, "that same night He was taken by wicked hands, to be crucified and

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slain" (The Great Controversy, p. 399), does not mean, as some think, that He was crucified that
night, but rather it means simply, just as it says, that He was "taken" to be crucified.  Accordingly,
though "taken that same night," He could have been crucified days after, if need be, and as actually
was the case.

   Likewise, neither does the statement, "On this last evening with His disciples" (The Desire of Ages,
p. 643), mean that it was the last evening before He was crucified, but rather that it was the last
evening with His disciples before His death.

   The time-table in The Shepherd's Rod, Vol. 2, pp. 23-25, is not designed to show the precise time
of the events as some, in their own interest, want to make it say; rather its purpose is only to give an
idea of how long it may have taken to accomplish all that would have had to be done for the feast if
the lamb had been killed just at the exact moment of the setting of the sun: showing the impossibility
of accomplishing in one day all that was done in connection with the Passover,  betrayal, trial,
crucifixion, and burial.

   Those who have attempted to crowd "the sixth hour" that signalized Jesus' trial in Pilate's judgment 
hall, and "the sixth hour" that commenced the darkness while He was on the cross, -- a period  of
twelve hours, -- into a "watch" of four hours, think the two scriptures are in perfect

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harmony with their idea, when in plain fact, as here seen, they are as irreconcilable as night and day! 
Yet these same ones are having no end of perverse enjoyment in their not being able to reconcile the
"midnight seizure" with the time as tabulated in the aforementioned time-table, which, according to
their understanding, represents three or four hours discrepancy!  Why have they not used the "watch
system" here where it can be used?

   The time-table is not endeavoring to show the "midnight seizure," but simply the time that the Jews
"laid hold on Jesus" -- when He was brought before the priests and, in particular, before the
Sanhedrin (Matt. 26:57). (See chart, The Shepherd's Rod, Vol. 2, p. 22.) Whereas The Desire of
Ages, pp. 699, 760, is speaking of the time that He was seized in the garden (Matt. 26:50) -- the
"midnight seizure."

   If the midnight seizure, the trial before Pilate the crucifixion, and the burial of Jesus, all took place
in one day (Friday), then how could He have been seized in the garden shortly after midnight, led
from there successively to Annas, to Caiaphas, to the Sanhedrin, and to Pilate, and yet be in Pilate's
judgment hall about midnight?  This utter impossibility alone should convince anyone with an
understanding mind that these events must necessarily have consumed two days and that

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any argument supporting the idea that they consumed but one day, is not against the exposition of
The Shepherd's Rod, but against the testimonies of Mark and John, who were eyewitnesses to these
events.

   Other such confusing remarks have been made but as we have given due consideration to all the
major ones, the minor ones merit no comment.  Suffice it to say that our experience in gospel
publishing work teaches us that many who have spent almost  countless hours of precious time in
confusing the subject of the sign of Jonah, have spent but very little time in studying more essential
subjects such as the prohibition against private interpretations of the Scriptures (2 Pet. 1:19, 20); the
Spirit of Prophecy (Rev. 19:10); the Sabbath (Ex. 20:8-11); baptism (Matt. 3:15; Acts 2:38); the
Kingdom (Isa. 2:2), the slaughter of Ezekiel 9, tithe paying (Mal. 3:10); although these vital subjects
call for performance, -- a duty to practice the truths which they teach, -- whereas the sign of Jonah
demands nothing.

   After one acquires all the knowledge necessary pertaining to the sign of Jonah, he is neither better
nor worse off so far as his Christianity is concerned, without taking into account the time wasted if
his conclusions on the subject be wrong.

   But what is still worse, should a group of people who are rightly proclaiming all the revealed
doctrines, disagree with these

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zealous preachers of sign of Jonah, as to what "the heart of the earth" may mean, the latter will in
most instances not only forsake fellowshiping with their brethren, and cease helping to proclaim the
more important doctrines, but will also become so obsessed with their pet idea that their minds cannot
comprehend much else.

   To just such a class of people "He answered and said unto them, An evil and adulterous generation
seeketh after a sign; and there shall no sign be given to it, but the sign of the prophet Jonas" (Matt.
12:39), -- and here they have it!

   The Jews actually saw the "sign," but because of their unbelief, they failed to profit by it.  We hope,
though, that the failure of the sign-seekers in those days will be a warning to the sign-seekers in these
days.

   Now, by studying the front-page chart, the reader can quickly summarize the entire subject, and
thus obtain a lasting picture of the Scripturally immovable sign-posts of each event, concluding the
impossibility of judging Him before both the Jewish and the Roman judiciaries, in addition to mocking
and crucifying Him, in three short hours -- from sunrise (the twelfth hour) to the third hour!  In other
words, the chart shows that it is utterly impossible in three short hours to have at least one trial before
the Sanhedrin, two before Pilate, and one before Herod, making

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a total of no less than four trials, besides the time to crucify Him. Dividing the total time consumed
(three hours) by the total number of events (five), we find that there would be only thirty-six minutes
for each event!  But merely walking from one place of  judgment to another, along with arranging
the trials, would alone have consumed more than three hours!

QUESTION AND ANSWER DISCUSSION

DID JESUS EAT THE PASSOVER ON THE PASSOVER DAY?

Question:

   Was Jesus supposed to have eaten the Passover on the first day of unleavened bread in the Passover
week of the crucifixion, or beforehand?

Answer:

   The time of the Passover observance being invoked by law, no one could celebrate its feast at
another time and yet be rewarded as a Passover keeper.  Much less, therefore, could Jesus have eaten
it previously, because He would thereby not only have set a bad example but also have given the Jews
occasion justly to accuse Him and to make much out of it, which had it actually  occurred, the
apostles naturally would have  recorded.  The fact, though, that they did not make any such

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record, shows conclusively that there was none to make.

   It was, moreover, on "the first day of unleavened bread," the day "they killed the passover" (not
before), that "His disciples said unto Him, Where wilt Thou that we go and prepare that Thou mayest
eat the Passover?... And in the evening He cometh with the twelve.  And as they sat and did eat, Jesus
said, Verily I say unto you, One of you which eateth with Me shall betray Me." Mark 14:12, 17, 18.

   Here the Bible states in as clear language as possible that Jesus with the twelve ate the Passover
at the time set by the Mosaic law.

DID JESUS EAT THE PASSOVER THE DAY OF HIS CRUCIFIXION?

Question:

   The Desire of Ages, p. 642, says: "...on the day the Passover was eaten, Christ was to be
sacrificed."  If the Passover was eaten Wednesday night, how could He have been crucified on Friday,
and yet the statement be true?

Answer:

   If the questioner will carefully read the entire context of the statement in question, he will quickly
see that he is misinterpreting the word "sacrificed" as used by the author.  The author herself
interprets it to

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mean His "suffering," a term which cannot be limited to His crucifixion, but which includes, as the
context of the statement in question shows, His trials, abuse, and crucifixion:

   "In the upper chamber of a dwelling at Jerusalem,  Christ was sitting at table with His disciples. 
They had gathered to celebrate the Passover.  The Saviour desired to keep this feast alone with the
twelve.  He knew that His hour was come; He Himself was the true paschal lamb, and on the day the
Passover was eaten, He was to be sacrificed.  He was about to drink the cup of wrath; He must soon
receive the final baptism of suffering.  But a few quiet hours yet remained to Him, and these were to
be spent for the benefit of His beloved disciples." -- The Desire of  Ages, p. 642.


ON WHAT DAY WAS THE PASSOVER?

Question:

   How can one determine the day of the week upon which fell the fourteenth day of the first month
(the beginning of the Passover week in which Christ was crucified)?  How can one prove that it was
Wednesday?

Answer:

   As a period of three days and three nights was consumed in trying, mocking, scourging, and, finally,
in crucifying Christ, and then in His dying, being in the

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tomb and rising (see Matthew 20:19; 16:21; 17:22 23; 27:63; Luke 9:22; 24:21; 18:33; 24:7, 46),
then counting backwards three days and three nights from Sunday, the day He arose (Mark 16:9),
gives Wednesday.  Thus it was Wednesday night in which He ate the Passover supper with the
twelve.

CAN ONE DAY HAVE TWO MORNINGS?

Question:

   In speaking of Judas at the trial before Caiaphas, The Desire of Ages, p. 722, says: "Eagerly
grasping the robe of Caiaphas, he  implored him to release Jesus... Later that same day, on the road
from Pilate's hall to Calvary, there came an interruption to the shouts and jeers of the wicked throng
who were leading Jesus to the place of crucifixion."

   Here The Desire of Ages says that both the trial before Caiaphas and the trial before Pilate, also the
crucifixion, took place in the same day, whereas The Shepherd's Rod clearly proves from the Bible
that the trials and the crucifixion took two days.

   How, then, can The Desire of Ages be reconciled to the Bible?

Answer:

   Bear in mind the fact that Christ was tried seven times in all: "twice before the

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priests, twice before the Sanhedrin, twice before Pilate, and once before Herod" (The Desire of Ages,
p. 760).  The first two were before day break (John 18:13, 24), and the third began with day break
(Matt. 26:57; 27:1).

   Now according to the time of the day, the trial before Pilate came earlier (while it was dark -- John
18:28, 29; John 19:14) than the one before the Sanhedrin (at day break), but chronologically
(actually) the one before the Sanhedrin came first, and the one before Pilate afterwards. These two
trials, therefore, could not have  occurred the same day.

   Hence the statement, "that same day," cannot refer to the day Jesus was arrested, but to a day later,
as The Desire of Ages itself makes clear:

   "As soon as it was day, the Sanhedrin again assembled, and again Jesus was brought into the
council room." -- The Desire of Ages, p. 714.

   "The Roman governor had been called from his bedchamber in haste, and he determined to do his
work as quickly as possible....he turned to see what kind of man he had to examine, that he had been
called from his repose at so early an hour." -- The Desire of Ages, p. 723.

   From these citations it is seen that The Desire of Ages recognizes that the events

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were on two different mornings: the one before Caiaphas, "as soon as it was day," and the other
before Pilate, also "at so early an hour."

   Then, too, the fact that "hour after hour went by" before the Sanhedrin "trial drew to a close" (D.A.
p. 721), shows that it went on late into the day.

   The Desire of Ages, p. 722, is dealing with the entire judicial proceedings, not in its seven
component scenes, but as a composite whole -- one sustained trial.  For Judas became desperate after
having seen that Jesus was in every trial condemned to be crucified, and so he went out and hanged
himself.

   Hence The Desire of Ages is in perfect harmony with the Bible, but the questioner has failed to read
between the lines.


A PASSOVER FEAST THEORY ATTEMPTING TO SUPPORT LUNAR SABBATH KEEPING

Question:

   In an effort to build up its private theory, a brochure entitled The Sabbath of Creation contends that
the Passover feast was observed in the beginning of the fourteenth day of the first month, fixing the
thirteenth day of the same month as the preparation to kill the Passover lamb. Is this correct?

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Answer:

   "In the fourteenth day of the first month at even is the Lord's Passover.  And on the fifteenth day
of the same month is the feast of unleavened bread." Lev. 23:5, 6.

   Plainly, therefore, they were to kill the Passover lamb in the afternoon of the fourteenth day, and
were to have the feast in the night or at the  beginning of the fifteenth day.

   The booklet also contends that Jesus died on the thirteenth day of the month, which, according to
its calculations, happened just about when the Passover lamb of the fourteenth day was to be killed. 
Whereas Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John -- all four of the gospels -- agree that "the first day of
unleavened bread, when they killed the passover, His disciples said unto Him Where wilt Thou that
we go and prepare that Thou mayest eat the Passover?"  Having prepared the same, "they sat and did
eat." Mark 14:12, 18; Matt. 26:1-21; Luke 22:1-15; John 13:1, 2.

   Assuming that the seventh-day Sabbath is governed by the lunar calendar, instead of by the
independent  weekly cycle,

The Brochure Says:

   "Yes, all Christendom, with the exception of some Saturday keepers, keep a heathen day of the
Sun.  But the Saturday keepers also keep, and honor a day of

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heathen origin -- the day of Saturn.  All these days, with their system of nomenclature came to the
Greeks and Romans, thence to all the world from Egypt, where Julius Caesar got his calendar of 365
days to the year, but added one-fourth day to it every year.  Both are false.

"The Egyptians' first day of their week was Saturn's day (Saturday) and moonday (Monday) their
seventh day.  They had seven days to their week.  But the Romans, at this time and to the time of
Constantine, had eight days to their week. (See New International Encyclopedia,  Vol. 23, p. 436,
for proof.)  So, the Saturday, like the Sunday, is of heathen, human, origin, and not of God.  But
when the Romans officially adopted the seven-day week from Egypt (where Julius had also gotten
his 365 days to the year, though adding an extra one-fourth day to each year), from the days of
Constantine, 321 A.D. to the days of Theodosius the Great, about 75 years later, the Romans
reversed the nomenclature of the Egyptians by making Sunday (the mid-week day of Egypt) to head
the week of their own calendar.  Thus the day of the Sun was made to head the week, as Julius
Caesar had made January (from Janus, Sun-god) to be the father of the year.  And Saturday was made
the Seventh Day of the week of their calendar, and this calendar was later enforced by the Catholic
church of that same power upon the whole world, and observed by all

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Christendom till this day.  It is this fact that has called forth from God the Third Angel's Message to
call out His people from this service to Rome under the penalty of suffering the seven last plagues
unless they turn from the Roman service to His, in Sabbath keeping....

   "Exodus 12:1, 2; 'And the Lord spake unto Moses and Aaron in the land of Egypt, saying, This
month shall be unto you the beginning of months: it shall be the first month (moon) of the year to
you.'  The moon was made to measure the months. Compare 1 Samuel 20, verses 5, 18, 24, 27, 34. 
And also to mark the seasons (Gen. 1:14 and Psa. 104:19).  The moon and the sun and the stars is
God's calendar in the firmament that all men can see and mark God's times together with the earth....

   "The Sabbath of the Bible, therefore, is the Sabbath upon which the Passover comes every year. 
The Lord has purposely placed the Passover celebration upon the second Sabbath of the first Moon
(Abib), every year, for a reminder of the Sabbath every year (Ex. 20:8).  It is the second Sabbath of
the first month, by reason of the Passover being upon the fourteenth of that month, which is the first
full moon after the Vernal equinox when spring begins." -- The Sabbath of Creation, pp. 9, 10, 13,
14, 16.

   To the exponents of such Sabbath reckoning


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as aforequoted, the Spirit of Truth gives

The Reply:

   In the italicized paragraphs, the well-intentioned but grossly misinformed author is attempting to
overthrow the present weekly seventh-day Sabbath by attacking the independent weekly cycle and
by favoring the lunar calendar.  He sets forth the seventh, the fourteenth, the twenty-first, and the
twenty-eighth days of each lunar cycle as commemorative sabbaths of the week of creation.

   We do not dispute that the early Romans had such an eight-day week, and that the names of the
months and days of the week are of mythological derivation, but we do ask the lunar-sabbath author
for evidence based on facts, not on assumption, that the Sabbath of creation was ever governed by
the lunar cycle.  True, the Lord said to Moses, "This month shall be unto you the beginning of
months: it shall be the first month of the year to you." Ex. 12:2.  But He did not say, "It is the
beginning of your weeks."  Indeed He could not have, for such a course would be

Contrary to Nature and to Logic.

   If any one of the two luminary planets should be honored to govern the holy Sabbath, it should be
the sun, the one which rules not only the moon but also the entire system.  Had God intended the
moon

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to be the time regulator and indicator, the system would have been entitled lunar instead of solar. 
Had He, moreover, intended the moon to fix the time of the holy Sabbath, He would have made it
to complete its revolution round the earth, if not once in exactly 4 weeks, then once in exactly a
whole week, or in exactly a day.  And had He,  furthermore, intended for the sun to point out the holy
time, the earth must, then, have completed her revolution round it in exactly 52 weeks.

   We shall now briefly bring forth existing solar, lunar, and Biblical facts, not implications, that the
weekly cycle cannot be and has never been controlled by any monthly calendar; that neither the Old
nor the New Testament church under God's direction has at any time kept a lunar seventh-day
sabbath; that the booklet, The Sabbath of Creation, is falsely so-entitled, and that

The Weekly Cycle Is Neither Solar Nor Lunar.

   The Sabbath on which the Lord rested was exactly six days after the moment creation began; then,
on the seventh day He rested (Gen. 2:2).  Had He, though, blessed a day which is ruled by the moon,
He would have then rested the tenth day, for the moon was not created until the fourth day of
creation. (See Genesis 1:14-19.)  But keeping a Sabbath on the seventh day from the creation of the
moon,

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would not have been in commemoration of  creation, but in commemoration of the moon!

   The first Sabbatical week of creation's being three days older than both the sun and the moon,
makes it clear that neither of the luminaries can regulate the week of creation.  Such a regulatory
force would of necessity have deprived Time and Creation of the first three days, leaving them as a
phantom "lost period."

   The two foregoing paragraphs completely invalidate the idea of the week's being dependent upon
the monthly orbit of the moon, and render unnecessary any further discussion of the subject.  For the
sake however, of clearing some other controverted points, as well as for saving ourselves time later
on in answering detailed questions on this subject, we submit the subjoined observations.  From them
the reader is asked to consider that if a lunar sabbath were correctly  named, should it not be named,
not the sabbath of creation, but rather

Only a Planetary Sabbath?

   The Lord having rested on the "seventh day," not on the tenth, the weekly cycle began with the first
day of creation, whereas solar and lunar time commenced three days later.  A sabbath which is
governed by either a solar or a lunar calendar, though, could never memorialize the week

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of creation, but rather only the planets themselves, and therefore, if correctly named, must be called
"planetary."  Then, too, the monthly revolution of the moon round the earth, not coordinating  with
the daily revolution of the earth round the sun, as already pointed out, makes it

Impossible to Keep a Planetary Sabbath.

   The fact that the moon takes longer than 28 days to complete its revolution round the earth, then
were we to standardize the seventh, the fourteenth, the twenty-first, and the twenty-eighth days of
the lunar month, for the observance of  the Sabbath, as the misnamed booklet advocates, we would
not have kept up with the moon anyway, for the lunar month is not  actually 28 days, but
approximately 29-1/2 days.

   A lunar sabbath must necessarily coordinate with both lunar and solar time.  But a sabbatical month
(28 days) falls 1-1/2 days short of a lunar month (29-1/2); and a sabbatical year (12 x 4 = 48 weeks;
48 x 7 = 336 days) falls 18 days short of a lunar year (354) and 29 days short of a solar year (365). 
So at the close of each sabbatical year, the lunar sabbath-keeper, in order to keep time with the
weekly cycle, as well as with the rotation of the earth and of the moon, would have to make the earth
stand still 29 days and the moon 18 days.

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   This analysis corroborates the fact that the weekly cycle cannot be governed by the motion of either
the moon or the sun, but only by the power of God, which brought forth the first day of creation,
three days before there was either sun or moon.  And so, as we are again shown, the Sabbath is a
memorial, not of the sun or the moon, but of creation.

   There is no doubt in the minds of any that the Jewish and Apostolic churches in Christ's time were
keeping the right Sabbath day; and that the zeal which the Roman Emperor, Constantine, had for the
Christian faith would have absolutely forbidden him to abolish the Christian's calendar and to establish
another which would annihilate both the Sabbath of creation and their memorial of the resurrection.

   Surely no one supposes that had he done such an impious thing, the Christians would have honored
him so greatly as to call him a saint and to fix the twentieth day of May as his festival, which some
observe even until this day. (See Twentieth Century Cyclopaedia, Vol. 3,p.13)

   Indeed, the Christians would have made so much of his sacrilege that no conceivable circumstance
could have concealed the blasphemous act from the prying eye of history.  But such an entry is not
to be found in

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History's Record.

   "The use of the week was introduced into the Roman Empire about the 1st or 2nd century of the
Christian era from Egypt and had been recognized independently of Christianity before the Emperor
Constantine confirmed it by enjoining the observance of the Christian Sabbath.  With the
Mohammedans the week has also a religious character, Friday being observed by them as a Sabbath."
-- Twentieth Century Cyclopaedia, Vol. 8, p. 487.

   "The period of seven days...was used by the Brahmins in India with the same denominations
employed by us, and was alike found in the  calendars of the Jews, Egyptians, Arabs and Assyrians."
-- Standard Dictionary, definition "Calendar."

   "The week is a period of seven days having no reference whatever to the celestial motions, -- a
circumstance to which it owes its unalterable uniformity.  It was employed from time immemorial in
almost all eastern countries; and, as it forms neither an aliquot part of the year nor of the lunar month,
those who reject the Mosaic recital will be at a loss, as Dalambre remarks, to assign it to an origin
having such semblance of  possibility." -- Britannica Encyclopedia.

   "It is our pleasure (such is the Imperial style) that all the nations, which are governed by our
clemency and moderation,

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should steadfastly adhere to the religion which was taught by St. Peter to the Romans; which faithful
tradition has preserved; and which is now professed by the Pontiff Damasus, and by Peter, Bishop
of Alexandria, a man of Apostolic holiness.  According to the discipline of the Apostles, and the
doctrine of the Gospel, let us believe the sole deity of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost; under
an equal majesty, and a pious Trinity.  We authorize the followers of this doctrine to assume the title
of Catholic Christians; and as we judge, that all others are extravagant mad-men, we brand them with
the infamous name of Heretics; and declare that their conventicles shall no longer usurp the
respectable appellation  of churches." -- Gibbon's Rome, Vol. 3, p. 81. (Milman edition.)

   This historical record plainly shows that the weekly period of seven days has continued unbroken
from time immemorial, that Rome did not abolish the Christian week but the Roman, and that the one
which took its place was the same as the Jewish, or the Christian.

   Even the lunar-sabbath advocate, himself, unwittingly admits that Constantine, in the days of his
conversion to Christianity, discarded the eight-day week and adopted and confirmed the seven-day
week -- the week of creation: "These three witnesses [The New International Encyclopedia,

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Encyclopedia Britannica, and Encyclopedia  Americana]," says the brochure, "tell us that the Romans
did not have seven days to their week, nor their astrological names, till the days of Constantine, but
that up to that time they had eight days."--The Sabbath of Creation, p. 24.

   Though the nations of today do not follow the Biblical monthly calendar, that in no wise alters the
fact that the original weekly cycle has never been changed.  And as it is entirely independent of both
the solar and the lunar calendars had God not preserved it intact throughout all the ages, the saints,
now in "the times of restitution of all things," would have great difficulty to restore it and to vindicate
its integrity.  Thus it is seen from every test put to it, that such a lunar  sabbath is unbiblical and
unhistorical and the closer it is brought to the light, the plainer it will be seen to be

Even More Illogical.

   It is true that the ceremonial system (younger than the Sabbath institution, and set up because sin
entered into the human family) was in some respects subject to lunar laws; but the seventh-day
Sabbath's being established, not in relation to sin, but only in relation to the perfect work of creation,
could no more be governed by the law of sin than it could by the law of the moon.  The Sabbath
institution is senior to the ceremonial institution and has nothing

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to do with the law of sin, as has the Sanctuary.  The Sabbath, therefore, cannot bow down in
subservience to an institution which is not only its junior but which also owes its existence solely to
sin!

   Again we see that this author's theory of a "Planetary Sabbath" is blasphemous as well as
unreasonable and futile.

   The theorist has used the writings of certain historians, but let the student of Truth closely examine
the quotations, and he will find that they do not support the theory any more than the Bible supports
it, which leads to

The Theorist's Main Trouble.

   Going off on such tangents is due to shallow reading and to interpreting the words of others
without digging deep enough to find the thought of the original authors.  And the main reason that
advocates of error stay in their errors is that most of them are determined at any cost to stand by their
self-made theories!  And that is their main trouble.  But we hope and pray that these mistaken 
brethren will welcome the Truth as contained  in the plain, pointed, unglossed, and fundamental facts
set forth in these pages, and allow It to lodge in their hearts.  Thus only may they be led to walk in
the light and to find rest in Him Who is anxious to lead us into all Truth, and Who therefore, sends
this

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Counsel And Appeal.

   Watch your steps, and pay no homage to either a moon or a sun sabbath-day.  For by sacredly
honoring such a common day, you would be worshiping those things which were created in the last
three days of creations's week; namely, the planets of the heavens and the creatures of the sea, the
fowls of the air and the creeping things of the ground, the beasts of the field and the mortal man of
clay!

   Follow the leadership of God instead of the leadership of the moon.  Be ye not idolators, for "...it
shall come to pass in that day, saith the Lord of hosts, that I will cut off the names of the idols out
of the land, and they shall no more be remembered:  and also I will cause the prophets and the unclean
spirit to pass out of the land." Zech. 13:2.

A FLOOD OF RELIGIOUS LITERATURE

Question:

   A flood of religious literature varied and contradictory is coming to me, and I do not know what
to make of it all, as one piece is endeavoring to indoctrinate me in one way, and another piece in the
opposite way, and still other pieces in still other ways, with the result that should I try at the same
time to go all the ways advocated or commanded, I would, so to speak, be

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running around myself.  What hope is there to find one's way through such a maze of doctrines?  On
one hand, I fear that if I study into it all, it may cause me to lose sight even of the truth which I now
have; and on the other hand, I fear that if I do not study it, I may turn down some precious present
truth, and thus lose eternity.

   The very fact that there are so many winds of doctrine blowing is, to my mind, manifest evidence
that the Lord must have a message in the land, and that the great flood of religious  literature
overflowing the religious world is being poured out in the desperate attempt to drown out the voice
of the Lord's message for today.

   So as you seem to have better Bible grounds for your positions than the others do for theirs, and
as you also have singular Scriptural endorsement (Mic. 6:9) for hearing your message, I am taking
courage to turn to you in the hope that the voice of the Rod will lead me out of the confusion of
voices that are crying "lo here" and "lo there."

   First will you help me to test the British Israel theory concerning the kingdom?

Answer:

   The questioner is obviously correct as to the reason for the many winds of doctrine blowing today. 
And in view of this confusion of voices his fears concerning listening to them are understandable, and

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makes the more commendable his determination to discharge his God-imposed responsibility of
personal investigation:

   "Thus saith the Lord, Stand ye in the ways, and see, and ask for the old paths, where is the good
way, and walk therein, and ye shall find rest for your souls.  But they said, We will not walk therein."
Jer. 6:16.  "Beloved, believe not every spirit, but try the spirits whether they are of God: because
many false prophets are gone out into the world." 1 John 4:1.

   To relegate everything to the waste basket certainly is not only to cast out the very truth, but also
to disregard the Lord's command as seen in the verses already quoted.

   For every truth-seeker, moreover, stands the promise that He will not let one of them be deceived:
"God never honors unbelief and questioning and doubt.  When He speaks, His word is to be
recognized and carried out in the daily actions.  And if the heart of man is in living connection with
God, the voice that cometh from above will be recognized... Those that do the will of God shall know
of the doctrine whether it be of God for no deception will cloud their minds." -- Testimonies  on
Sabbath-School Work, pp. 64, 65.

   With these sure promises to stand upon, let us now examine

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The British-Israel Doctrine.

   A periodical entitled, Kingdom Correspondence School, pp. 18 states the movement's position: "We
Anglo-Saxons are the same people who existed under the name of Israel in the Old Testament day....

"...The Kings from Solomon, in a direct, unbroken line extends to the present King -- George VI --
on  the throne in England today.  We believe that  the Lord -- who is the King of kings of the tribe
of Judah and of the House of David -- for He is the Lion of the tribe of Judah,  (Rev. 5:5) and that
He will soon return and take over the throne of His father, David." pp. 1, 8.

   The author of this statement contends that though God's ancient people submerged as the kingdom
of Israel, they have emerged today as the kingdom of Great Britain.  But speaking of the Israelitish
Kingdom and its people, the Spirit of Prophecy, in ancient time, said:

   "Moreover I will make thee waste, and a reproach  among the nations that are round about thee,
in the sight of all that pass by."  "A third part of thee shall die with the pestilence, and with famine
shall they be consumed in the midst of thee: and a third part shall fall by the sword round about thee;
and I will scatter a third part into all the winds, and I will draw out a sword after them.  Thus shall
Mine anger be accomplished, and I will cause My fury

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to rest upon them, and I will be comforted: and they shall know that I the Lord have spoken it in My
zeal, when I have accomplished My fury in them.  Moreover I will make thee waste, and a reproach
among the nations that are round about thee, in the sight of all that pass by.... "Therefore thus saith
the Lord God; Behold, I, even I, am against thee, and will execute judgments in the midst of thee in
the sight of the nations.  And I will do in thee that which I have not done, and whereunto I will not
do any more the like, because of all thine abominations...."  "I will overturn,  overturn, overturn, it:
and it shall be no more, until He come Whose right it is; and I will give it Him." Ezek. 5:12-14, 8, 9;
21:27.

   "For the head of Syria is Damascus, and the head of Damascus is Rezin; and within threescore and
five years shall Ephraim be broken, that it be not a people." Isa. 7:8.

   The aforementioned periodical especially emphasizes that England is the tribe of Ephraim, although
the sure word of prophecy categorically states that Ephraim shall "be not a people."  Thus the
prophecies declare that the Israelitish kingdom was to cease, and that the people were to be driven
among the nations of the earth.  Nevertheless, there is a promise that after years of dispersion, the
Lord "will take the children of Israel from among the heathen, whither they be gone, and will

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gather them on every side, and bring them into their own land." Ezek. 37:21.

   "And He shall set up an ensign for the nations, and shall assemble the outcasts of Israel,  and gather
together the dispersed of Judah from the four corners of the earth."  Isa. 11:12.

   "For the children of Israel shall abide many days without a king, and without a prince, and without
a sacrifice, and without an image, and without an ephod, and without teraphim: afterward shall the
children of Israel return, and seek the Lord their God, and David their king; and shall fear the Lord
and His goodness in the latter days." Hosea 3:4, 5.  "And the Gentiles shall see thy righteousness, and
all kings thy glory: and thou shalt be called by a new name, which the mouth of the Lord shall name. 
Thou shalt also be a crown of glory in the hand of the Lord, and a royal diadem in the hand of thy
God.  Thou shalt no more be termed Forsaken; neither shall thy land any more be termed Desolate:
but thou shalt be called Hephzibah, and thy land Beulah: for the Lord delighteth in thee and thy land
shall be married.  And they shall call them, The holy people, The redeemed  of the Lord: and thou
shalt be called Sought out, A city not forsaken." Isa. 62:2-4

   These scriptures plainly set forth the fact that God was to scatter Israel throughout

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the nations, leave them without a king or a home-land for "many days," and finally gather them one
by one from every nation.  At that time shall they choose David their king, and be "the holy people."
Isa. 62:12.

   For detailed treatment of the Kingdom, read our tracts No. 8, Mount Sion at the Eleventh Hour,
and No. 12, The World, Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow.

-------0-0-0--------

   The questions herein treated reveal that an unseen supernatural force working through human
beings, is taking advantage of every possible opportunity to bring in distraction and confusion and
to scatter the power of thought and concentration.  They show that while one theorist is attempting
to confuse one truth, another theorist is attempting to confuse another truth.  So it is obvious that the
enemy of God and men is determined one way or another to plunge the people into his deep pit.  To
avert this terrible tragedy, the reader is therefore warned to turn aside from the writings of uninspired
men and to take heed only to those who are inspired and unceasingly to watch and study everything
that comes in the name of the Lord.

(All italics ours)

   For further study on the subject of the sign of Jonah, read Vol. 2 of The Shepherd's

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Rod, pp. 17-26; The Symbolic Code, Vol. 1, No. 6, pp. 5-7 (1934); Vol. 2, No. 12, p. 6 (1936); Vol.
3, Nos. 8-9-10, p. 10 (1937).


SPIRIT OF PROPHECY INDEX

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SCRIPTURAL INDEX

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